Section 33
of Penal Code
Section 33
(1)
The word "act'' denotes as well a series of acts as a single act.
(2)
The word "omission" denotes as well a series of omissions as a single omission.
Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention 34.
When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.
When act is criminal by reason of its being done with criminal knowledge or intention 35.
Whenever an act, which is criminal only by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the act with such knowledge or intention is liable for the act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone with that knowledge or intention.
Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission 36.
Wherever the causing of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same offence.
Penal Code
CAP. 22 41
a 1llustr.ution
A intentionally causes T s death, partly by illegally omitting to give Z food and partly by beating Z. A has committed murder.
Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting offence 37.
When an offence is committed by means of several acts, whoever intentionally co-operates in the commission of that offence by doing any one of those acts. either singly, or jointly with any other person, commits that offence.
(a)
A and B agree to murder Z by severally, and at different times. giving him small doses of poison. A and B administer the poison according to the agreement with intent to murder Z. Z dies from the effects of the several doses of poison so administered to him.
Here, A and B intentionally co-operate in the commission of murder, and as each of them does an act by which the death is caused, they are both guilty of the offence, though their acts separate.
(6)
A and B are joint jailors, and as such, have the charge of Z, a prisoner, alternately for 6 hours at a time. A and B, intending to cause Z's death, knowingly co-operate in causing that effect by illegally omitting, each during the time of his attendance, to furnish Z with food supplied to them for that purpose. Z dies of hunger. Both A and B are guilty of the murder of Z.
(c)
A , a jailor, has the charge of Z, a prisoner. A, intending to cause Z's death, illegally omits to supply Z with food, in consequence of which Z is much reduced in strength, but the starvation is not sufficient to cause his death. A is dismissed from his office and B succeeds him. B without collusion or co-operation with A, illegally omits to supply Z with food knowing that he is likely thereby to cause Z's death. Z dies of hunger. B is guilty of murder;
but, as A did not co-operate with B, A is guilty only of an attempt to commit murder.
Person concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences 38.
Where several persons are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be guilty of different offences by means of that a act.
A attacks Z under such circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would only be culpable homicide not amounting to murder. B, having ill-will towards Z, and intending to kill him and not having been subject to the provocation assists A in killing Z.
Here, though A and B are both engaged in causing T s death, B is guilty of murder and A is guilty only of culpable homicide.
42
Penal Code
"Voluntarily"